City Information Modelling (CIM) seeks to evolve Building Information Modelling (BIM) into urban planning and design practices that are today dominated by Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The design toolbox in GIS software does not relate to urban design elements (streets, sidewalks, buildings, lots, etc.) or urbanist parameters. Urban designers must use geometric design elements from GIS (lines, polygons, and points) that do not correspond to their practices and threedimensional (3D) understanding of cities. This paper explores the CIM framework thought evolution of the architects’ and the planners’ office, the history, and new trends in digitalisation of urban planning and design from a perspective of urban designer and morphological structure of cities.
References
1.
Legner C, Eymann T, Hess T, Matt C, Böhmann T, Drews P, et al. Digitalization: Opportunity and Challenge for the Business and Information Systems Engineering Community. Business & Information Systems Engineering. 2017;59(4):301–8.
2.
Stojanovski T. City information modeling (CIM) and urbanism: Blocks, connections, territories, people and situations. In: Proceedings of the 4th SimAUD. 2013. p. 86–93.
3.
Stojanovski T. City Information Modelling (CIM) and Urban Design: Morphological Structure, Design Elements and Programming Classes in CIM. In: Proceedings of the 36th eCAADe. 2018. p. 507–29.
4.
Stojanovski T, Partanen J, Samuels I, Sanders P, Peters C. City information modelling (CIM) and digitizing urban design practices". Built Environment. 46(4):637–46.
5.
Moudon AV. Urban morphology as an emerging interdisciplinary field". Urban morphology. 1997;1(1):3-10,.
6.
Talen E. Urban design reclaimed: tools, techniques, and strategies for planners. 2009.
7.
Southworth M. Learning to make liveable cities". Journal of Urban Design. 2016;21(5):570-573,.
8.
Caniggia G, Maffei GL. Architectural Composition and Building Typology: Interpreting Basic Building. 2001.
9.
Bentley IS, G. A, A. M, P., McGlynn S. Responsive environments: a manual for designers". 1985.
10.
Hayward RE, McGlynn S. Making better places: urban design now".
11.
McGlynn S, Samuels I. The funnel, the sieve and the template: towards an operational urban morphology". Urban morphology. 2000;4(2):79-89,.
12.
Duany A, Talen E. Transect planning". American Planning Association Journal of the American Planning Association. 2002;68(3):245-266,.
13.
Kropf K. Handbook of urban morphology". 2018.
14.
Franck KA. Types are us. 1994.
15.
Schön DA. Designing: Rules, types and words". Design studies. 1988;9(3):181-190,.
16.
Robinson JW. The Question of Type". 1994.
17.
Marshall S, Çalişkan O. A joint framework for urban morphology and design". Built Environment. 2011;37(4)):409-426,.
18.
Southworth M, Ben-Joseph E. Streets and the shaping of towns and cities. 1997.
19.
Ben-Joseph E. The code of the city. 2005.
20.
Carmona M, Marshall S, Stevens Q. Design codes: their use and potential". Progress in Planning. 2006;65(4):209-289,.
21.
Walters. D.R."Designing Community: charrettes, master plans and form-based codes. 2007.
22.
Talen E. Zoning for and against sprawl: the case for form-based codes". Journal of Urban Design. 2013;18(2):175-200,.
23.
Castells M. The informational city: information technology, economic restructuring, and the urban-regional process". 1989.
24.
Castells M. The information age: economy, society and culture. In: The rise of the network society. 1996.
25.
Batty M. Invisible cities". Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design. 1990;17(2):127-130,.
26.
Batty M. Virtual geography". Futures. 1997;29(4–5):337-352,.
27.
Batty M. The computable city". International Planning Studies. 1997;2(2):155-173,.
28.
Batty M. Artificial intelligence and smart cities". Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. 2018;45(1):3-6,.
29.
Batty M. Defining smart cities: High and low frequency cities, big data and urban theory". In: The Routledge companion to smart cities Routledge. 2020.
30.
Mitchell WJ. City of bits space, place, and the infobahn". 1995.
31.
Mitchell WJ. E-topia, urban life, Jim--but not as we know it". 1999.
32.
Mitchell WJ. Me++: the cyborg self and the networked city". 2003.
33.
Graham S, Marvin S. Telecommunications and the city: electronic spaces, urban places. 1996.
34.
Kitchin R, Dodge M. Code/space : software and everyday life". 2011.
35.
Kitchin R. The programmable city". Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design. 2011;38(6):945-951,.
36.
Kitchin R. The timescape of smart cities". Annals of the American Association of Geographers. 2019;109(3):775-790,.
37.
Kitchin R, Young GW, Dawkins O. Planning and 3D Spatial Media: Progress, Prospects, and the Knowledge and Experiences of Local Government Planners in Ireland. Planning Theory & Practice. 2021;22:3 1-19.
38.
Martin C, Evans J, Karvonen A, Paskaleva K, Yang D, Linjordet T. Smart-sustainability: A new urban fix?". Sustainable cities and society. 2019;45:640-648,.
39.
Rydin Y. Re-examining the role of knowledge within planning theory. Planning theory. 2007;6(1):52-68,.
40.
Ricker BA. GIS. In: Understanding spatial media. 2017.
41.
Ricker BA, Rickles PR, Fagg GA, Haklay ME. Tool, toolmaker, and scientist: case study experiences using GIS in interdisciplinary research. Cartography and Geographic Information Science. 2020;47(4):350-366,.
42.
Openshaw S. A view on the GIS crisis in geography, or, using GIS to put Humpty-Dumpty back together again". Environment and Planning a. 1991;23(5):621-628,.
43.
Clark A, Chalmers D. The extended mind". analysis. 1998;58(1):7-19,.
44.
Clark A. Natural-born cyborgs: minds, technologies and the future of human intelligence". 2003.
45.
Licklider JC. Man-computer symbiosis. IRE transactions on human factors in electronics. 1960;1(1):4-11,.
46.
Sutherland IE. Sketchpad a man-machine graphical communication system". 1963.
47.
Gil J. City Information Modelling: A Conceptual Framework for Research and Practice in Digital Urban Planning. Built Environment. 2020;46(4):501-527,.
48.
Kolbe TH, Gröger G. Towards unified 3D city models. In: Proceedings of the Joint ISPRS Commission IV Workshop on Challenges in Geospatial Analysis, Integration and Visualization II. 2003.
49.
Kolbe TH, Gröger G, Plümer LC. Interoperable access to 3D city models. In: Geo-information for disaster management. 2005. p. 883–99.
50.
Kolbe TH. Representing and exchanging 3D city models with CityGML. In: 3D geo-information sciences. 2009. p. 15–31.
51.
Gröger G, Kolbe TH, Nagel C, Häfele KH. OGC city geography markup language (CityGML) encoding standard. 2012.
52.
Gröger G, Plümer L. CityGML–Interoperable semantic 3D city models. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. 2012;71:12-33,.
53.
Dovey K, Pafka E. The science of urban design? Urban Design International. 2016;21(1):1-10,.
54.
Gehl J. Livet mellem husene. 1971.
55.
Gehl J. Life between buildings: using public space. 1987.
56.
Hall ET. The silent language. 1959.
57.
Hall ET. The hidden dimension. 1966.
58.
Appleyard D. Livable streets. 1981.
59.
Mehta V. Lively streets: Determining environmental characteristics to support social behavior. Journal of planning education and research. 2007;27(2):165-187,.
60.
Mehta V, Bosson JK. Revisiting lively streets: Social interactions in public space. Journal of Planning Education and Research. 2021;41(2):160-172,.
61.
Talen E, Jeong H". Does the classic American main street still exist? An exploratory look. Journal of urban design. 2019;24(1):78-98,.